Aberrant anatomy in endodontically treated teeth in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital

Objective: The anatomical features of teeth show wide morphological variations. These variations include coronal and radicular aberrations. They are thought to be influenced by age, gender, race and evaluation methods. Therefore, an in-depth knowledge of both normal and unusual dental morphology is vital in the practice of endodontics. The objective of the study was to investigate the incidence of aberrant root anatomy in endodontically treated teeth among adult patients attending the Endodontic unit of a tertiary hospital in Southern Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective review of all clinical records of adult patients who attended the Endodontic unit of the Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) Edo State, Nigeria from January 2013 to January 2018 for root canal treatment (RCT). The demographic and clinical data were retrieved from the patients' records and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 927 patients, comprising445 (48.0%) males and 482 (52.0%) females (a ratio of 1:1.1) underwent endodontic treatment during the study period. The age range of patients was 18-80 years. The total number of teeth treated was 1016. Aberrant root anatomy was observed in 161 (15.8%) of the studied sample. It was more frequently seen in mandibular 118 (29.9%) than maxillary 43 (6.9%) teeth. Aberrant root anatomy occurred most frequently in mandibular second molars 42 (38.9%) followed by the maxillary first molars 32 (38.1%). These aberrations were observed in the roots and canal numbers of treated teeth while the occurrence of aberrant anatomy was higher in females (9.9%) than males (5.9%). Conclusion: In this study, aberrant root anatomies were mostly observed in mandibular teeth and among female patients. Clinicians should be aware of the existence of wide variations in root form and canal morphology during endodontic procedures. The alertness is helped by the use of Dental operating microscopes or other magnification devices, multiple periapical radiographs with angular cone shift or other contemporary imaging modalities in revealing tooth anatomy that would otherwise be missed

Anatomie endodontique de la deuxième molaire mandibulaire: à propos de 5 cas

La découverte, l'alésage et l'obturation de tous les canaux radiculaires sont le concept essentiel de l'endodontie moderne. Les variations anatomiques, ainsi que le nombre des canaux et des racines, rendent cet exercice difficile. En 1989, Weine rapporte que la deuxième molaire mandibulaire est le siège du plus grand nombre de variations anatomiques que toutes les autres dents. Leurs racines apparaissent fusionnées arborant fréquemment une morphologie canalaire en C. Plusieurs cas cliniques de deuxième molaire mandi-bulaire présentant des configurations anatomiques différentes traitées endodontiquement font l'objet de ce travail

Factors That Affect Medical Students' Performance in Anatomy in the University Of Nigeria

Background: Much attention has been drawn to the area of medical education in contemporary times with the aim of developing effective teaching strategies in our medical schools. Objectives: To identify the problems encountered by students in the study of Anatomy and suggest ways of enhancing their performance in the subject.Materials and Methods: Three hundred structured; pretested self administered questionnaires were applied to medical students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC); who had spent at least two years in the medical school. Data analysis was by SPSS version 15.Results: Of the 300questionnaires; 201(67.0) were correctly filled and analysed. One hundred and three (51.2) of the respondents were females; 163 (81.1) were aged 21 to 30 years and 105(52.3) had spent more than two years in the medical school. One hundred and eleven (55.2) believed that dissection followed by audio-visual aids 101(50.3) offered students adequate exposure to the learning of anatomy. One hundred and eleven; (55.2) also implicated overcrowding as a major cause of students' aversion for dissection leading to inadequate exposure to the subject and the resultant poor performance. One hundred and seven (53.2) believed that the preparatory period for 2nd MBBS exams should be extended so as to offer students adequate exposure to laboratory specimens.Conclusion: Over-population causes inadequate exposure of students to anatomical specimens and thus affects their performance negatively

Characterisation and Quantification of Anatomy Concepts in a Standard Clinical Methods Textbook: a Content Analysis Approach

"Aim: To analyse the nature and quantity of anatomy concepts intrinsic in a standard clinical methods textbook; used for teaching medical students clinical methods; in order to identify anatomy concepts to be taught to medical students in preparation. Methods: Five categories of anatomy indicators developed in consultation with and accepted by an international panel of anatomists were used to content analyse the 19th Edition of Hutchinson's Clinical Methods. The five categories were subdivided into two classes designated ""General Anatomy Terms"" and ""Technical Anatomy Terms"". The inter-rater reliability of coding instructions was 0.76 (P value = 0.0005). Results: A total of 17; 223 recording units were coded of which 10;162 were anatomy indicators and 6;980 were technical anatomy terms. The average total anatomy indicators ratio (TAIR = total anatomy indicators/total recording units) was 0.55 and the technical anatomy terms ratio (TATR = technical anatomy terms/total anatomy terms) was 0.68 respectively. There was variability in requirement for technical anatomical terms between the 17 different chapters in the textbook. Sixty-five anatomy themes emerged from the 17 chapters. Conclusions: These results suggest that a student cannot benefit sufficiently from Hutchinson's Clinical Methods without substantial knowledge of anatomy. The implications for medical educationists are that 1) educators must be wary of teaching methods that consider anatomy learning in a superficial and simplistic manner; and 2) educators must ensure that students attain adequate depth and scope of anatomy knowledge before or concurrently to learning clinical methods."

Performance of students in anatomy in the 2nd MBSS examinations in some Nigerian universities

Aim: The aim of our study was to compare the pass rates of medical students in anatomy with those of medical biochemistry and physiology. Method: The 2nd MBBS (Part I MBBS) examination results of some medical schools in Eastern Nigeria over a variable period of 3-5 years were obtained. The schools were those of Abia State University (ABSU); Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU); University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT) and University of Nigeria; Enugu Campus (UNEC). The performance of students in anatomy; medical biochemistry and physiology were compared. Result: ABSU and NAU had relatively smaller populations of students than UNIPORT and UNEC The percentage passes in anatomy in ABSU; NAU; UNIPORT and UNEC were 78.31; 79.3; 41.24and 54.7respectively. The performance of students in schools with small populations was better in anatomy than in either medical biochemistry or physiology. The reverse was the case in schools with large populations of students. Conclusion: Class size plays an important role in the performance of students in anatomy. The lower the population of students; the greater the chances of adequate exposure of students to the study materials; and consequently the better the performance

Suprnumerary Lumbar Vertebrae in Human Skeletons at the Galloway Osteological Collection of Makerere University; Kampala

Objective: To find out the number of other skeletons in the Galloway collection that have a variation of six lumbar vertabrae. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Medicine; Makerere University; Kampala. Materials: Five hundred and ninety one skeletons in the Galloway Oesteological Collection housed in the basement of the Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Medicine; Makerere University. Interventions: The skeletons were examined. Those found to have six lumbar vertebrae were scrutinised further. A recount was done of the cervical and thoracic vertbrae in order to ascertain the identity and number of the lumber vertebrae. Some of the skeletons were x-rayed and photographed to illustrate the finding and the manner in which the transverse processes of the sixth vertebrum articulated with the alar of the sacrum. Results: Out of the 591 skeletons examined; twentywere found to have a sixth lumbar vertebrum. In sevenof these; the transverse processes of the sixth lumbar vertebrum were found to be bilaterally articulated with the alar of the sacrum and in another five.only the left was. In the remaining eight; the transverse processes did not articulate with the alar of the sacrum at all. Right unilateral articulation between the transverse process and the alar of the sacrum was not observed in any of the twenty skeletons that had six lumbar vertebrae. Conclusion: In the Galloway osteological collection there is a small number of skeletons in which the number of lumbar vertebrae is six instead of 5 as is normally the case. In most of them the transverse processes of the sixth lumbar vertebrum articulate with the alar of the sacrum through a synovial joint (bilateral or unilateral). The above observations have raised several questions in the mind of the author regarding the mechanism of causation of the variation and its clinical and functional implications

deftere nate jibingol huugtidinnde

"Ce livre abondamment illustre par des dessins et comportant des legendes met a la portee des pulaarphones alphabetises un ouvrage sur la naissance de l'etre humain. Le livre se termine par une partie consacree exclusivement a l'excision tout en prenant soin de bien montrer ses consequences nefastes sur la femme. Le traducteur avec une grande maitrise et une parfaite connaissance de cette langue a su avec delicatesse delivrer le message sans risque de heurter les interdits ou les reactions de rejet quand on sait que les noms anatomiques relatifs aux organes genitaux sont ""proteges"" dans la culture pulaar par une pudeur consensuelle et contraignante."